Glossary of Games Terminology

A wider list of games-related terminology is available at Wikipedia. The below collects those terms generally related to business, policy and related matters.

A

• AAA (Also "triple-A") - A high-budget game with a large development team, or game studios that make them. AAA games are usually multiplatform, have multimillion-dollar budgets, and expect to sell millions of copies.

• abandonware - The idea of a game being forgotten about or abandoned by its developers for any number of reasons, including copyright issues.

• alpha release - An initial, incomplete version of a game. Alpha versions are usually released early in the development process to test a game's most critical functionality and prototype design concepts.

• artificial intelligence (AI) - Algorithms used to generate responsive, adaptive or intelligent game behavior, primarily in non-player characters.

• asset flipping - The practice of creating a game using 'free' art and audio assets, either from an online marketplace or the default stock of assets included with many game engines. Asset-flips are often of very poor quality designed to catch onto a currently popular theme to turn a quick profit. It mimics the practice of flipping in real estate markets.

• augmented reality (AR) - Supplementing a real-world environment with computer-generated perceptual information, which may add to or mask the physical environment. Augmented reality alters the perception of a physical environment, whereas virtual reality replaces the physical environment with a simulated one.

B

• battle royale game - A video game genre that blends elements of survival games with last-man-standing gameplay. Players search for equipment while eliminating competitors in a shrinking safe zone.

• beta release/ beta testing - An early release of a video game, following its alpha release, where the game developer seeks feedback from players and testers to remove bugs prior to the product's commercial release

• bot - Short for robot. A non-playable character which is controlled by an artificial intelligence (AI). The player may compete against or work with a bot to complete objectives.

C

• casual games - Casual games are played on an infrequent and spontaneous basis, without a long-term commitment. Casual video games are distinguished by a low learning curve and ease of access, often web-based for mobile phones or personal computers. Most casual games have simplified controls, with one or two buttons dominating play. Casual games can normally be played in small periods of time, and may not have a save feature.

• chiptune - Music composed for the microchip-based audio hardware of early home computers and gaming consoles. Due to the technical limitations of earlier video game hardware, chiptune came to define a style of its own, known for its "soaring flutelike melodies, buzzing square wave bass, rapid arpeggios, and noisy gated percussion.

• closed beta - A beta testing period where only specific people have access to the game.

• cloud gaming - Cloud gaming operates with a cloud-gaming server running the game and performing all the processing, receiving controller input actions from networked users and streaming audio and video of the gameplay to these users. Essentially, cloud gaming is like a streaming video service, but interactive.

• content rating - Classifying video games according to suitability-related factors such as violent or sexual content contained within a game. Some countries use industry self-regulation models to accomplish this, while others have government rating boards.

• cooperative gameplay (co-op) - Multiplayer gameplay where the players work together on the same team against computer-controlled opponents or challenges.

• CPU - Central processing unit; the part of the computer or video game which executes the games' program. Historically, this also often referred to a non-player character controlled by the game software using artificial intelligence, usually serving as an opponent to the player or players.

• crafting - A game mechanic that allows the player-character to construct game items, such as armor, weapons or medicine from combinations of other items. Most MMOGs feature a crafting system.

D

• day one (also release date) - The day of release for a video game; often accompanied by a 'day-one patch' to repair issues that could not be addressed in time for the game's distribution.

• developer - The production company which makes a video game, or the person(s) working for these companies who are actively involved in the game's creation.

• dialog tree - A means of providing a menu of dialog choices to the player when interacting with a non-player character so as to learn more from that character, influence the character's actions, and otherwise progress the game's story. The tree nature comes from typically having multiple branching levels of questions and replies that can be explored.

• digital rights management (DRM) - Software tools for copyright protection

• downloadable content (DLC) - Additional content for a video game that is acquired through a digital delivery system.

• drop rate - The probability of obtaining a particular item from a loot box or booster pack in certain video games, particularly in games with microtransactions.

• dynamic game difficulty balancing - The automatic change in parameters, scenarios, and behaviors in a video game in real-time, based on the player's ability, with the aim of avoiding player boredom or frustration.

E

• emergent gameplay - Gameplay that develops as a result of player creativity, rather than the game's programmed structure.

• emulator - A software program that is designed to replicate the software and hardware of a video game console on more-modern computers and other devices. Emulators typically include the ability to load software images of cartridges and other similar hardware-based game distribution methods from the earlier hardware generations, in addition to more-traditional software images.

• esports - Organized competitions around competitive video games, ranging from amateur to professional levels.

• experience point (XP) - In games that feature the ability for the player-character to gain levels, such as role-playing video games, experience points are used to denote progress towards the next character level.

F

• fangame - A video game made by fans, based on one or more established video games. Retrogamers may clone early video games to take advantage of more advanced hardware and game engines.

• farming - Repeating a battle, quest, or other part of a game in order to receive more or duplicates of specific reward items that can be gained through that battle or quest, such as experience points, game money, or specific reward items. Gold farming is a type of farming done for in-game currency.

• 'first-party developer - A developer that is either owned directly by a console maker or has special arrangements with the console maker.

• first-person shooter (FPS) - A genre of video game where the player experiences the game from the first person perspective, and where the primary mechanic is the use of guns and other ranged weapons to defeat enemies.

• frame rate - A measure of the rendering speed of a video game's graphics, typically in frames per second.

• freemium - Freemium is a pricing strategy by which a product or service (typically a digital offering or an application such as software, media, games or web services) is provided free of charge, but money (premium) is charged for additional features, services, or virtual (online) or physical (offline) goods.

• free-to-play (F2P or FtP) - Games that do not require purchase from a retailer, either physical or digital, to play. Common in the mobile market but increasingly so in console and PC markets, free-to-play games may also provide additional gameplay-enhancing purchases via an in-app purchase. (Compare 'freemium', a free-to-play game that follows such a model.)

G

• game design - The practice of design and aesthetics to create a game.

• game engine - The code on which a game runs. There are different subsets of engines such as physics engines and graphics engines. Often the game engine is only middleware which game specific behaviours are built upon, though end-users do not tend to make this distinction. Many games are built on a common game engine, provided by a software vendor. such as Unity or Unreal.

• game mechanics - An overarching term that describes how a particular game functions and what is possible within the game's environment; the rules of the game.

• game port - When a game is ported from one platform to another (e.g. PC to console).

• gameplay - A player's interaction with a video game, defined through game rules, player-game interface, challenges, plot, and the player's connection with the game.

• GG - Abbreviation meaning "good game". Used as parting words exchanged at the end of a competitive game or match as a gesture of good sportsmanship. "GGWP" (good game, well played) is also used.

• griefing / griefer - The act of, or a player in a multiplayer video game who deliberately irritates and harasses other players within the game. Many online multiplayer games enforce rules that forbid griefing.

• grinding - Performing a repetitive and time-consuming action in a video game before being able to advance.

I

• in-app purchase (IAP) - A microtransaction in a game (commonly in mobile), usually for virtual goods.

• indie game - Loosely defined as a game made by a single person or a small studio without the involvement of a large publisher, although there are exceptions. Due to the loose nature of the term, it is difficult to divide the industry neatly into those games or companies that are 'indie' and those that are not.

• influencer - A video game player or social media personality that is used as part of a game's promotion. Typically the influencer will be given a pre-release copy of a game to play and review to those people that follow them on social media or streaming sites, with the intent that those subscribers will be influenced to buy the game.

J

• JRPG - Japanese role-playing video game, typically referring to a subgenre of RPGs that originated from Japan.

L

• lag - A delay between an input or action and its corresponding result, most commonly in an online environment. This is often the result of delayed network traffic.

• launch title - A game released alongside its respective console, or the only titles available for a console at the time of its launch. One or more of these may be a pack-in game. They often provide first impressions for a console's abilities and are influential on its reputation.

• Let's Play - A type of video game walkthrough done by players, through screenshots or video, where the player provides commentary about the game as they work through it. Common on video streaming platforms like Youtube and Twitch.

• level editor - A program, either provided within the game software or as separate software product, that allows players to place objects or create new levels for a video game.

• localisation - During publishing, the process of editing a game for audiences in another region or country, primarily by translating the text and dialog of a video game. Localization can also involve changing content of the game to reflect different cultural values and censoring material that is against local law, or in some cases self-censoring in an effort to obtain a more commercially-favorable content rating.

• loot box / lootbox - Loot boxes (and other name variants such as booster packs for online collectible card games) are awarded to players for completing a match, gaining an experience level, or other in-game achievement. The box contains random items, typically cosmetic-only but may include gameplay-impacting items, often awarded based on a rarity system. In many cases, additional loot boxes can be obtained through microtransactions.

M

• massively multiplayer online game (MMO) - A game that involves a large community of players co-existing in an online world, in cooperation or competition with one another.

• massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) - An MMO that incorporates traditional role-playing game mechanics. Games such as EverQuest and Dark Age of Camelot were progenitors of the genre. The most popular and most well-known game of this type is World of Warcraft.

• matchmaking - A game system that automatically sorts players with similar playing styles, desires, objectives, or skill levels into a team or a group. In competitive games or modes, a matchmaking rating (MMR) is a number assigned to each player based on skill and is the basis for matching players. This rating goes up or down based on individual or team performance.

• microtransaction - A business model used in games where players can purchase virtual goods via micropayments. See also in-app purchase.

• minigame - A small 'game-within-a-game', often provided as a diversion from the game's plot or as a quick task to perform to solve a puzzle (such as to pick a lock, etc).

• mod - A third-party addition or alteration to a game. Mods may take the form of new character skins, altered game mechanics or the creation of a new story or an entirely new game-world. Some games provide tools to create game mods, while other games that don't officially support game modifications can be altered or extended with the use of third-party tools.

• 'MUD - A historic term to describe a multi-user domain or multi-user dungeon. A multiplayer real-time virtual world, usually in text-based games.

• multiplatform - A game which can be played on multiple platforms.

• multiplayer - A game that allows multiple players to play at once.

• multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) - A genre of real-time strategy games that pits teams of players to defend their home base from enemy attacks. Similar in some ways to a "capture the flag" game.

N

• newbie - Someone new to the game, generally used as a pejorative, although usually light-heartedly. See noob.

• non-player character (NPC) - A computer-controlled character or any character that is not under a player's direct control.

• noob - A player who is making mistakes that an experienced player would be expected to avoid. See newbie.

O

• online game - A game where part of the game engine is on a server and requires an internet connection. Many multiplayer games support online play.

• open beta - The opposite of a closed beta; the test players are not bound by non-disclosure agreements and are free to show the game to others.

• open world - A game world that the player may freely traverse, rather than being restricted to certain pre-defined areas. While 'open world' and 'sandbox' are sometimes used interchangeably, the terms refer to different concepts and are not synonymous.